How Grow and Care for Hardy Kiwi Vine 如何種植軟棗獼猴桃（中英文對(duì)照）

How Grow and Care for Hardy Kiwi Vine

如何種植軟棗獼猴桃
By DAVID BEAULIEU

Hardy kiwi vine is a cold-hardy cousin of the vine that produces the familiar kiwi fruit sold at grocery stores (Actinidia deliciosa). This cold-tolerant cultivar can be grown in USDA zones 3 through 9, depending on the variety. Like its warm-weather cousin, hardy kiwi also produces a sweet edible fruit that is smaller than a traditional kiwi (about the size of a large grape) and can be eaten whole, without peeling. Hardy kiwi is primarily featured in landscapes for its attractive heart-shaped foliage. This climber grows well on trellises, fences, pergolas, and other structures.

耐寒獼猴桃藤是一種耐寒的藤本植物的近親，它生產(chǎn)在雜貨店出售的人們熟悉的獼猴桃果實(shí)（美味獼猴桃）。這種耐寒品種可以在美國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)部3至9區(qū)種植，具體取決于品種。像它溫暖的氣候表親一樣，耐寒獼猴桃也生產(chǎn)一種比傳統(tǒng)獼猴桃（大約一個(gè)大葡萄大?。┬〉奶鹂墒秤盟?，可以完整食用，不剝皮。耐寒獼猴桃主要以其迷人的心形葉子作為景觀(guān)特色。這種攀爬者在棚架、柵欄、涼棚和其他結(jié)構(gòu)上生長(zhǎng)良好。

▲Kiwi seedlings▲

Hardy kiwi should be planted in the spring after all danger of frost has passed. It will create a visual impact in its first season; however, you'll have to wait at least three years before hardy kiwi produces fruit to harvest.

耐寒的獼猴桃應(yīng)該在所有霜凍危險(xiǎn)過(guò)去后的春天種植。它將在第一季創(chuàng)造視覺(jué)沖擊力；然而，你至少要等三年，耐寒的獼猴桃才能收獲果實(shí)。

▲kiwifruit▲

Common Name Hardy kiwi, hardy kiwi vine
Botanical Name Actinidia arguta, Actinidia kolomikta
Family Actinidiaceae
Plant Type Perennial, fruit
Mature Size 10-30 ft. long
Sun Exposure Full, partial
Soil Type Loamy, well-drained
Soil pH Acidic
Bloom Time Spring
Flower Color Green, white
Hardiness Zones 3-9 (USDA)
Native Area Asia
hardy kiwi vine
The Spruce / Autumn Wood
kiwi vine growing on a trellis
Actinidia kolomikta
Hardy Kiwi Vine Care
Hardy kiwi vine is native to eastern Asia, but will grow well almost anywhere with proper care and sufficient sun. When growing this plant for foliage, shade, or fruit (or all three), train the vine on a sturdy support structure, like a trellis, arbor, pergola, or fence. It can be manipulated to form a broad canopy or to branch out horizontally in espalier form.

耐寒獼猴桃藤護(hù)理

耐寒的獼猴桃藤原產(chǎn)于東亞，但在適當(dāng)?shù)淖o(hù)理和充足的陽(yáng)光下，幾乎在任何地方都能生長(zhǎng)良好。當(dāng)種植這種植物以獲得樹(shù)葉、樹(shù)蔭或果實(shí)（或全部三者）時(shí)，將藤蔓種植在堅(jiān)固的支撐結(jié)構(gòu)上，如棚架、喬木、涼棚或圍欄。它可以被操縱來(lái)形成一個(gè)寬闊的樹(shù)冠，或者以espalier的形式水平延伸。

▲redkiwifruit▲

When growing kiwi vine for fruit, make sure to plant both male and female plants (you need at least one male for every eight female plants), or choose a self-pollinating variety. Keep in mind that the vine typically doesn't fruit for at least three years, and, depending on your conditions, sometimes up to five to nine years. This fast-growing, vigorous vine is rarely invasive, yet it can overcome shrubs and small trees if left unchecked.

在種植獼猴桃果實(shí)時(shí)，一定要同時(shí)種植雄性和雌性植物（每八株雌性植物中至少需要一株雄性），或者選擇一種自花授粉的品種。請(qǐng)記住，葡萄藤通常至少三年不結(jié)果實(shí)，根據(jù)你的情況，有時(shí)長(zhǎng)達(dá)五到九年。這種生長(zhǎng)迅速、充滿(mǎn)活力的藤蔓植物很少入侵，但如果不加以控制，它可以戰(zhàn)勝灌木和小樹(shù)。

▲redkiwifruit▲

Light
Hardy kiwi vine can tolerate a range of light conditions, from sun to shade, but in order to flower and produce fruit, this plant needs a full sun location. In varieties with variegated leaves, full sun also results in superior color.

光

耐寒的獼猴桃藤可以忍受一系列的光照條件，從陽(yáng)光到陰涼，但為了開(kāi)花和生產(chǎn)果實(shí)，這種植物需要一個(gè)充分的陽(yáng)光位置。在有雜色葉子的品種中，充分的陽(yáng)光也會(huì)使顏色更好。

▲Golden kiwifruit▲

Water
Keep the soil around your newly planted hardy kiwi continuously moist until established. Hardy kiwi relies on at least one inch of rainfall every 10 days, especially right after planting. If your climate provides this, supplemental watering is generally not needed. Weekly waterings are recommended during dry spells or in dry climates. About one gallon of water per plant, delivered through drip irrigation, should do the trick.

水

保持你新種植的耐寒獼猴桃周?chē)耐寥莱掷m(xù)濕潤(rùn)，直到成熟。耐寒的獼猴桃每10天至少需要一英寸的降雨量，尤其是在種植后。如果你的氣候提供了這一點(diǎn)，通常不需要補(bǔ)充澆水。建議在干旱期或干燥氣候下每周澆水。通過(guò)滴灌，每株植物大約需要一加侖的水。

▲紅心獼猴桃▲

Soil
Plant kiwi vines in rich, loamy, well-drained soil. While some experts advise planting in poorer soil to control rampant growth, most vining fruit does best in garden beds amended with organic matter, such as manure or compost. Hardy kiwi does best in soil with a pH around 6.51.

土壤

在肥沃、肥沃、排水良好的土壤中種植獼猴桃藤。雖然一些專(zhuān)家建議在貧瘠的土壤中種植以控制猖獗的生長(zhǎng)，但大多數(shù)葡萄在用有機(jī)物質(zhì)（如肥料或堆肥）改良的園床上生長(zhǎng)最好。耐寒獼猴桃在pH值為6.51左右的土壤中表現(xiàn)最好。

▲golden kiwifruit▲

Temperature and Humidity
Unlike its warm weather-cousin, hardy kiwi can survive winter in most areas, but it is susceptible to damage from early season frosts. For this reason, choose a planting site that is not in a frost pocket or subject to particularly cold wind in the spring. Once it reaches dormancy, however, this plant can tolerate temperatures as low as -25 degrees Fahrenheit. High-temperatures at or over 86 degrees Fahrenheit, on the other hand, can scald leaves and cause heat stress.

溫度和濕度

與氣候溫暖的獼猴桃不同，耐寒的獼猴桃在大多數(shù)地區(qū)都能熬過(guò)冬天，但它很容易受到早期霜凍的損害。因此，選擇一個(gè)不在霜凍區(qū)或春天不受特別寒風(fēng)影響的種植地點(diǎn)。然而，一旦進(jìn)入休眠期，這種植物可以忍受低至-25華氏度的溫度。另一方面，86華氏度或以上的高溫會(huì)燙傷樹(shù)葉并引起熱應(yīng)激。

▲奇異果▲

Fertilizer
This vigorous vine requires little in the way of feeding. Three inches of compost provided each spring to the base of the plant provides all the nutrients necessary for the season. You can choose from a variety of appropriate products to give the fruiting plant what it needs, like aged mushroom compost, aged manure, or a rotted pine bark and aged manure mixture.

肥料

這種生命力旺盛的藤蔓幾乎不需要進(jìn)食。每年春天向植物底部提供的三英寸堆肥提供了該季節(jié)所需的所有營(yíng)養(yǎng)。你可以從各種合適的產(chǎn)品中選擇，以滿(mǎn)足果樹(shù)的需要，如老化蘑菇堆肥、老化肥料或腐爛的松樹(shù)皮和老化肥料混合物。

▲redkiwifruit▲

Varieties of Hardy Kiwi
Any variety of hard kiwi vine will make your landscape efforts pop, but choosing the right one for you depends on your growth goals and your desired aesthetic. Choose a self-pollinating variety if fruit is your main focus, or select a cultivar with variegated leaves to blend with your other perennials.

耐寒獼猴桃品種

任何種類(lèi)的硬獼猴桃藤都會(huì)讓你的景觀(guān)變得流行，但選擇合適的一種取決于你的生長(zhǎng)目標(biāo)和你想要的審美。如果水果是你的主要焦點(diǎn)，選擇一個(gè)自花授粉品種，或者選擇一個(gè)葉子斑駁的品種與其他多年生植物混合。

▲Kiwi sapling▲

Pruning
It's best to prune hardy kiwi vines in winter to promote fruit production. In the first year after planting, select the most vigorous and straight shoot, designating it as the permanent trunk. Cut back the other shoots to encourage vigor in the trunk. Prune as needed during the summer to remove excessively long shoots or overgrown sections. Before the winter, cut back the stems, leaving only 8 to 10 nodes on each.

修剪

最好在冬天修剪耐寒的獼猴桃藤，以促進(jìn)水果產(chǎn)量。在種植后的第一年，選擇最健壯、最直的枝條，將其指定為永久樹(shù)干。修剪其他枝條以增強(qiáng)樹(shù)干活力。在夏天根據(jù)需要修剪，去掉過(guò)長(zhǎng)的枝條或雜草叢生的部分。在冬天之前，把莖剪掉，每個(gè)莖上只留下8到10個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)。

▲Kiwi packaging▲

Propagating Hardy Kiwi Vine
Propagating hardy kiwi from cuttings is the preferred method used, as the cutting yields the same-sex offspring as the parent plant. Gardeners growing kiwi for fruit can easily select both male and female cuttings, should they already know the sex of the parent.

繁殖耐寒獼猴桃藤

通過(guò)扦插繁殖耐寒獼猴桃是首選方法，因?yàn)榍げ瀹a(chǎn)生的后代與親本相同。種植獼猴桃果實(shí)的園丁可以很容易地選擇雄性和雌性扦插，如果他們已經(jīng)知道父母的性別。

▲Kiwifruit planting▲

How to Grow Hardy Kiwi Vine From Seed
Most gardeners choose not to grow kiwi vine from seed, especially if they are hoping for fruit. Growing from seed does not assure the sex of the new plant, and ending up with plants of only one sex is disappointing. That said, you can still grow the self-pollinating variety from seed if you're willing to mimic the conditions needed for stratification. To do so, extract the seeds from the fruit, rinse off the pulp, and dry them on a paper towel for two days. Next, place the seeds in a resealable plastic bag with moist seed-starting mix, and put them in the refrigerator for four months, misting the mix as needed. In the spring, plant the seeds in a seed tray filled with moist soil and place them in a sunny window until they germinate. Thin seedlings, and then continue misting the soil and growing the strongest plants until the last frost has passed. At that point, you can transplant them outside in a prepared garden bed.

▲golden kiwi growing zone

如何從種子中種植耐寒的獼猴桃藤

大多數(shù)園丁選擇不從種子中種植獼猴桃藤，尤其是如果他們希望結(jié)果實(shí)的話(huà)。從種子中生長(zhǎng)并不能保證新植株的性別，而最終只有一種性別的植株令人失望。也就是說(shuō)，如果你愿意模擬分層所需的條件，你仍然可以從種子中培育出自花授粉品種。為此，從水果中提取種子，沖洗果肉，并在紙巾上干燥兩天。接下來(lái)，將種子放在一個(gè)可重新密封的塑料袋中，塑料袋中裝有潮濕的種子起始混合物，并將其放入冰箱四個(gè)月，根據(jù)需要對(duì)混合物進(jìn)行噴霧。春天，把種子種在裝滿(mǎn)潮濕土壤的種子盤(pán)中，放在陽(yáng)光明媚的窗戶(hù)里，直到發(fā)芽。苗木變薄，然后繼續(xù)霧化土壤，種植最強(qiáng)壯的植物，直到最后一次霜凍過(guò)去。到那時(shí)，你可以把它們移植到室外準(zhǔn)備好的花園床上。

▲Kiwi orchard▲

Potting and Repotting Hardy Kiwi Vine
Growing hardy kiwi vine in a container helps you dial in the perfect conditions for fruiting. This option works well for self-pollinating varieties, but if you choose to use monoecious varieties, make sure to grow a male and female next to each other and provide access to natural pollinators.

盆栽和移植耐寒獼猴桃藤

在容器中種植耐寒的獼猴桃藤可以幫助你適應(yīng)完美的結(jié)果條件。這個(gè)選項(xiàng)對(duì)自花授粉品種很有效，但如果你選擇使用雌雄同株品種，請(qǐng)確保雄性和雌性相鄰生長(zhǎng)，并提供自然傳粉者。

▲Kiwi pollen▲

Grow your kiwi in a large container—a five-gallon bucket drilled with drain holes works well—and provide a back support or trellis behind it. Use a well-drained, slightly acidic soil that contains perlite or pumice, and amended it with organic fertilizer, such as compost or manure. Dig a hole in the soil and plant your kiwi so that the plant's roots are level with the soil line, backfill the hole to cover the roots, and relocate your plant to a sunny outdoor area. As your kiwi begins to grow, use ties to secure it to the back structure. Water it thoroughly throughout the growing season, and refresh the soil each year.

▲golden kiwi plants

在一個(gè)大容器中種植獼猴桃——一個(gè)5加侖的桶，上面鉆有排水孔，效果很好，并在后面提供背部支撐或支架。使用排水良好、含珍珠巖或浮石的微酸性土壤，并用有機(jī)肥料（如堆肥或糞肥）對(duì)其進(jìn)行改良。在土壤中挖一個(gè)洞，種植獼猴桃，使植物的根部與土壤線(xiàn)平齊，回填洞以覆蓋根部，然后將植物轉(zhuǎn)移到陽(yáng)光充足的室外區(qū)域。當(dāng)你的獼猴桃開(kāi)始生長(zhǎng)時(shí)，用領(lǐng)帶將其固定在背部結(jié)構(gòu)上。在整個(gè)生長(zhǎng)季節(jié)徹底澆水，每年更新土壤。

▲Kiwi pollination▲

Overwintering
Most varieties of hardy kiwi can withstand winter temperatures as low as -25 degrees Fahrenheit, still it's necessary to protect them, should you want a fruitful harvest. Young kiwi vines that are in the ground need only a little extra care. Simply wrap the trunks with frost protection or mound soil and leaves at its base.

越冬

大多數(shù)耐寒獼猴桃品種都能承受零下25華氏度的冬季溫度，但如果你想要豐收的話(huà)，還是有必要保護(hù)它們。地里的年輕獼猴桃藤只需要一點(diǎn)額外的護(hù)理。只需在樹(shù)干底部用防凍劑或土堆土和樹(shù)葉包裹即可。

▲golden kiwi fruit tree

After a few years of overwintering, your plant should grow hardy enough to withstand cold temperatures without care. In the spring, make sure to protect new shoots from late-season frosts with a cover or blanket, as hardy kiwi sets fruit on the current season's growth. Any damage to this growth can affect your harvest.

經(jīng)過(guò)幾年的越冬，你的植物應(yīng)該長(zhǎng)得足夠耐寒，能夠毫無(wú)顧忌地承受寒冷的溫度。春天，一定要用被子或毯子保護(hù)新芽免受晚季霜凍的傷害，因?yàn)槟秃墨J猴桃會(huì)在當(dāng)前季節(jié)的生長(zhǎng)中結(jié)出果實(shí)。對(duì)這種生長(zhǎng)的任何損害都會(huì)影響你的收獲。

▲Kiwi planting▲

Common Pests and Plant Diseases
Hardy kiwi vine can suffer from both pests and disease infestation. Keep an eye out for critters—like the Japanese beetle, leafroller caterpillars, root-knot nematode, and snails—which may feed on the fruit. Cover your crop during the fruiting season to keep pests away.

常見(jiàn)病蟲(chóng)害

耐寒的獼猴桃藤會(huì)遭受蟲(chóng)害和疾病侵?jǐn)_。留意可能以果實(shí)為食的生物，如日本甲蟲(chóng)、卷葉毛蟲(chóng)、根結(jié)線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)和蝸牛。在結(jié)果季節(jié)覆蓋作物以防害蟲(chóng)。

▲golden kiwi plants

Infestations from bugs, like thrips and two-spotted spider mites, rarely kill the plant, but can be treated with soap and water or a neem oil spray. Avoid the use of pesticides on fruiting plants, as their use can pose harm to yourself, as well as the plant's pollinators.

蟲(chóng)子的侵?jǐn)_，如薊馬和兩個(gè)斑點(diǎn)的蜘蛛，很少殺死植物，但可以用肥皂和水或印楝油噴霧處理。避免在結(jié)果實(shí)的植物上使用殺蟲(chóng)劑，因?yàn)槭褂脷⑾x(chóng)劑會(huì)對(duì)你自己以及植物的傳粉者造成傷害。

▲golden kiwi tree

Hardy kiwi can also fall victim to fungal diseases, like phytophthora crown and root rot, when neglected. Both conditions present as reddish brown roots and crowns, and can be prevented by proper soil moisture management. Botrytis fruit rot can also affect the fruit of your kiwi and cause grey mold and shriveled fruit. There is no treatment for this disease, only prevention, and fungicide use is harmful to those who eat the fruit.

耐寒的獼猴桃如果被忽視，也會(huì)成為真菌疾病的受害者，如疫霉冠腐病和根腐病。這兩種情況都表現(xiàn)為紅棕色的根和冠，可以通過(guò)適當(dāng)?shù)耐寥浪止芾韥?lái)預(yù)防。葡萄灰霉病也會(huì)影響獼猴桃的果實(shí)，導(dǎo)致灰霉病和果實(shí)枯萎。這種疾病沒(méi)有治療方法，只有預(yù)防，使用殺菌劑對(duì)吃水果的人有害。

▲redkiwifruit▲

How to Get Hardy Kiwi to Bloom
If the vine does not bloom, it might not get sufficient sunlight. While the vine can be grown in partial sun, full sun is crucial for flowering and fruiting.

如何讓耐寒的獼猴桃開(kāi)花

如果葡萄樹(shù)不開(kāi)花，它可能得不到足夠的陽(yáng)光。雖然葡萄藤可以在部分陽(yáng)光下生長(zhǎng)，但充分的陽(yáng)光對(duì)開(kāi)花和結(jié)果至關(guān)重要。

▲redkiwifruit▲

Common Problems With Hardy Kiwi Vine
Other issues that affect hardy kiwi vine are linked to the plant's growth habits or damage from wildlife. The leaves and flowers can be damaged by spring frosts, and frost on flowers can mean no fruit that season. So, make sure to cover your plant's new growth should a cold front move in during the spring.

耐寒獼猴桃藤常見(jiàn)問(wèn)題

影響耐寒獼猴桃藤的其他問(wèn)題與該植物的生長(zhǎng)習(xí)性或野生動(dòng)物的破壞有關(guān)。春天的霜凍可能會(huì)損壞葉子和花朵，花朵上的霜凍可能意味著那個(gè)季節(jié)沒(méi)有果實(shí)。因此，如果冷鋒在春季到來(lái)，請(qǐng)確保覆蓋植物的新生長(zhǎng)。

▲yellow kiwi plants

Rabbits may eat the branches in the winter and deer and gophers may eat the leaves. Birds and other animals often target the fruit as it ripens. Covering the plant will help with these issues, as well.

冬天兔子可以吃樹(shù)枝，鹿和地鼠可以吃樹(shù)葉。鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)和其他動(dòng)物經(jīng)常在果實(shí)成熟時(shí)瞄準(zhǔn)它。報(bào)道工廠(chǎng)也將有助于解決這些問(wèn)題。

▲redkiwifruit▲

Here are a few gardener's favorites:

Actinidia arguta 'Anananzaya' is a vigorous grower with very sweet fruit. Also called 'Anna,' this female plant is hardy down to USDA zone 5 and is one of the best fruit producers.
Actinidia kolomikta 'Arctic Beauty' creates a landscape spectacle with its white and green variegated foliage. The male plants of this cultivar typically have better leaf variegation than the female plants. This variety is hardy down to USDA zone 4.
Actinidia arguta 'Issai' is the only hardy kiwi that is self-pollinating and does not need a separate male for pollination. It is hardy down to USDA zone 5 and requires less pruning than other varieties due to its limited growth habit.
Actinidia purpurea x melanandra ‘Ken’s Red’ is a trailing, woody variety that produces a reddish-purple fruit, unlike other cultivars. It is hardy down to USDA zone 4. Once the plant matures, it can yield as many as 100 kiwis in a single season.

▲sun gold kiwi plants

以下是一些園丁的最?lèi)?ài)：

軟棗獼猴桃‘Anananzaya’生長(zhǎng)旺盛，果實(shí)非常甜。也稱(chēng)為“安娜”，這種雌性植物在美國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)部5區(qū)很耐寒，是最好的水果生產(chǎn)商之一。

獼猴桃“北極之美”以其白色和綠色雜色葉子創(chuàng)造了一個(gè)景觀(guān)景觀(guān)。該品種的雄性植株通常比雌性植株具有更好的葉片雜色。這種品種在美國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)部4區(qū)很耐寒。

軟棗獼猴桃‘Issai’是唯一一種耐寒的獼猴桃，可以自花授粉，不需要單獨(dú)的雄性進(jìn)行授粉。由于其生長(zhǎng)習(xí)性有限，它在美國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)部5區(qū)很耐寒，比其他品種需要更少的修剪。

獼猴桃‘肯紅’是一種蔓生木本品種，與其他品種不同，果實(shí)呈紅紫色。美國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)部4區(qū)的獼猴桃很耐寒。一旦這種植物成熟，一個(gè)季節(jié)可以生產(chǎn)多達(dá)100只獼猴桃。

▲redkiwifruit▲