Kiwifruit Market Overview獼猴桃市場概況中英文

Kiwifruit Market Overview獼猴桃市場概況中英文
Kiwifruit, sometimes known as Chinese gooseberry, or simply “kiwi,” is thought to have been discovered in various regions of China and was considered a delicacy among royals.
Seeds from China were introduced to New Zealand in the 1900s and were exported to the United States in the 1950s.
The most common variety is a green kiwi, the Hayward, grown almost exclusively in California and originating from the first known plants exported from New Zealand.
Green kiwis are fuzzy and brown with bright green flesh and tiny black seeds. The fruit grows on a woody vine that can reach up to 30 feet tall.

獼猴桃市場概況
獼猴桃，有時(shí)被稱為中國醋栗，或簡稱為“獼猴桃”，被認(rèn)為在中國各地都有發(fā)現(xiàn)，被認(rèn)為是皇室成員的美味佳肴。
20世紀(jì)初，中國的種子被引入新西蘭，并在20世紀(jì)50年代出口到美國。
最常見的品種是一種綠色獼猴桃，海沃德，幾乎只在加利福尼亞州種植，起源于新西蘭出口的第一批已知植物。
綠色的幾維鳥毛茸茸，呈棕色，果肉呈亮綠色，種子呈黑色。這種水果生長在高達(dá)30英尺的木本藤蔓上。

▲yellow Kiwifruit

Types & Varieties of Kiwifruit
There are several types of kiwifruit: grocery store green kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa), yellow or gold kiwis (Actinidia chinensis), hardy kiwifruit (Actinidia arguta), and super-hardy kiwifruit (Actinidia kolomikta).
Green kiwifruit is the most common but yellow kiwis are gaining popularity due to their smoother, edible skin.

▲Red kiwifruit

獼猴桃的種類和品種
獼猴桃有幾種類型：雜貨店的綠色獼猴桃（美味獼猴桃）、黃色或金色獼猴桃（中華獼猴桃）、耐寒獼猴桃（阿爾瓜獼猴桃）和超耐寒獼猴桃（科洛米克塔獼猴桃）。
綠色獼猴桃是最常見的，但黃色獼猴桃因其更光滑、可食用的皮膚而越來越受歡迎。
Hardy kiwifruit, known as “bowerberry,” grows on trees that can reach 100 feet tall in the forests of Japan, China, Korea, and Siberia, where they are able to withstand colder temperatures. The fruit is smooth-skinned, quite sweet, and grows in clusters like grapes.
The super-hardy kiwi is also smooth-skinned with even smaller fruit and can handle temperatures to -40°F in winter. It is sometimes called the “arctic beauty kiwifruit.”
There are more than forty known varieties of kiwi, spanning the globe from California to New Zealand to Greece, though the Hayward remains the standard for most commercial growers.
In areas where there are growing limits due to colder temps, the Saanicheton variety has been known to survive where the Hayward has not. Other varieties include Elmwood, Dexter, Tewi, Vincent, Matua, Tomuri, Allison, Abbott Bruno, Gracie, and Monty.

耐寒獼猴桃，被稱為“接骨木莓”，生長在日本、中國、韓國和西伯利亞森林中高達(dá)100英尺的樹木上，在那里它們能夠承受更冷的溫度。這種水果皮光滑，很甜，像葡萄一樣成簇生長。
這種超級(jí)耐寒的幾維鳥皮膚光滑，果實(shí)更小，冬天可以承受-40°F的溫度。它有時(shí)被稱為“北極美人獼猴桃”
獼猴桃有40多種已知品種，從加利福尼亞州到新西蘭再到希臘，遍布全球，盡管海沃德仍然是大多數(shù)商業(yè)種植者的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
在由于氣溫較低而限制生長的地區(qū)，已知Saanicheton品種在Hayward沒有的地方存活下來。其他品種包括Elmwood、Dexter、Tewi、Vincent、Matua、Tomuri、Allison、Abbott Bruno、Gracie和Monty。

▲Winter pruning of kiwifruit orchard

Cultivation of Kiwifruit
Kiwifruit can grow wherever citrus, peaches, and almonds are plentiful, but its leaves are more sensitive to cold than orange or peach trees. Young kiwifruit vines are killed by drops in temperature below 29°F, while mature vines can withstand temperatures below 10°F.
For healthy growth, plants need deep, fertile, moist, and well-drained soil. Flowers of the plant are almost exclusively pollinated by insects. Kiwifruit is harvested by hand in a single pick once fruit has reached maturity.

▲紅心獼猴桃成熟度檢測

獼猴桃的栽培
獼猴桃可以生長在柑橘、桃子和杏仁豐富的地方，但它的葉子比橘子或桃樹對(duì)寒冷更敏感。當(dāng)溫度降至29°F以下時(shí)，年輕的獼猴桃藤會(huì)死亡，而成熟的獼猴桃藤可以承受10°F以下的溫度。
為了健康生長，植物需要深厚、肥沃、濕潤和排水良好的土壤。這種植物的花朵幾乎完全由昆蟲授粉。獼猴桃成熟后，一次采摘就可以手工采摘。

▲A kiwi orchard with abundant fruits

Pests & Diseases Affecting Kiwifruit
Rootknot nematodes are parasitic worms that attack the roots of plants, causing “knots” to form. The leafroller caterpillar (the most common and damaging pest) will eat holes in the fruit causing scarring, especially where two or three fruits are touching each other.
In summer or early fall, thrips can cause browning of the leaves. Greedy scale insects infest the leaves, bark, and fruit, killing the growth tips. The boxelder bug tends to feed on the buds and fruit, causing deformities and fruit drop.

▲redkiwifruit

影響獼猴桃的病蟲害
根結(jié)線蟲是一種寄生蠕蟲，攻擊植物根部，形成“結(jié)”。卷葉蟲（最常見和最具破壞性的害蟲）會(huì)吃掉果實(shí)上的洞，造成疤痕，尤其是在兩三個(gè)果實(shí)相互接觸的地方。
在夏天或初秋，薊馬會(huì)導(dǎo)致葉子變褐。貪婪的蚧蟲侵?jǐn)_樹葉、樹皮和果實(shí)，殺死生長尖端。黃楊蟲傾向于以芽和果實(shí)為食，導(dǎo)致畸形和落果。

▲Training on Pollination Techniques for Kiwi Orchard

Crown gall affects vines and can be avoided by leaving the upper roots exposed. Roots can also be attacked by phytophthora cactorum and P. cinnamomi, along with oak root fungus, which cause root rot, killing the entire plant.
Botrytis cinerea affects both the flowers and the fruit and has been found in most growing areas. The biggest threat to kiwis is postharvest grey mold rot, which enters the skin through small cracks when stored at high humidity.
Kiwifruit vine disease (more common in Europe) is a bacterial cancer that causes halo-shaped spots on leaves, brown discoloration of buds, and release of a red-colored gum on the plant. The disease is spread through windborne pollen, heavy rainfalls, humans, and animals, and is most apparent during cooler temperatures and high humidity.

▲Yellow kiwifruit picking

冠癭會(huì)影響藤蔓，可以通過暴露上部根系來避免。根也會(huì)受到仙人掌疫霉和肉桂疫霉的攻擊，以及橡樹根真菌，這些真菌會(huì)引起根腐病，殺死整個(gè)植物。
灰霉病影響花朵和果實(shí)，在大多數(shù)種植區(qū)都有發(fā)現(xiàn)。獼猴桃面臨的最大威脅是采后灰霉病，在高濕度下儲(chǔ)存時(shí)，灰霉病會(huì)通過小裂縫進(jìn)入皮膚。
奇異果藤本?。ㄔ跉W洲更常見）是一種細(xì)菌性癌癥，會(huì)導(dǎo)致葉片上出現(xiàn)鹽狀斑點(diǎn)，芽變色，并在植物上釋放紅色樹膠。這種疾病通過風(fēng)媒花粉、大雨、人類和動(dòng)物傳播，在較冷的溫度和較高的濕度下最為明顯。

▲Harvest Sunshine Golden Fruit Kiwi Orchard

Storage & Packaging of Kiwifruit
They are packed in single-layer flats, with some fruit being placed in small consumer bags. Kiwifruit should be stored at 32°F with 90 to 95% relative humidity. Freezing injury can occur in colder temperatures.
Fruit is extremely susceptible to the effects of ethylene; use of controlled-atmosphere storage facilities is helpful for long-term storage to avoid its own production of the gas.
References: California Kiwifruit Commission, California Rare Fruit Growers, New Zealand Ministry for Primary Industries, Oregon State University, Purdue University, UC Davis Integrated Pest Management, UC Davis Postharvest Technology Center, University of Arkansas, USDA.

▲新西蘭佳沛獼猴桃包裝廠照片

獼猴桃的儲(chǔ)存與包裝
它們被包裝在單層公寓里，一些水果被放在小的消費(fèi)袋里。獼猴桃應(yīng)儲(chǔ)存在32°F、相對(duì)濕度為90%至95%的環(huán)境中。凍傷可能發(fā)生在較冷的溫度下。
水果極易受到乙烯的影響；使用可控氣氛儲(chǔ)存設(shè)施有助于長期儲(chǔ)存，避免自身產(chǎn)生氣體。
參考文獻(xiàn)：加州獼猴桃委員會(huì)、加州珍稀水果種植者、新西蘭第一產(chǎn)業(yè)部、俄勒岡州立大學(xué)、普渡大學(xué)、加州大學(xué)戴維斯分校綜合蟲害管理、加州大學(xué)Davis收獲后技術(shù)中心、阿肯色大學(xué)、美國農(nóng)業(yè)部。

▲國內(nèi)獼猴桃業(yè)者參觀佳沛總部

Grades & Good Arrival of Kiwifruit
Kiwifruit is categorized as U.S. Fancy, U.S. No. 1, and U.S. No. 2. All require fruit to have similar varietal characteristics, be mature, not soft, overripe, or shriveled, and to be carefully packed. For U.S. Fancy, the fruit must also be clean and well-formed. All three grades stipulate fruit be free from worm holes, broken unhealed skin, sunscald, freezing injury, internal breakdown, and decay.

▲Harvest Sunshine Golden Fruit Kiwi Orchard

獼猴桃的等級(jí)和到貨情況
獼猴桃被歸類為美國花式、美國第一和美國第二。所有這些都要求水果具有相似的品種特征，成熟，不軟，過熟或枯萎，并仔細(xì)包裝。對(duì)于美國花式，水果也必須干凈且形狀良好。這三個(gè)等級(jí)都規(guī)定水果沒有蟲洞、破損未愈合的皮、日曬、凍傷、內(nèi)部破裂和腐爛。

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